Footsteps and future MacArthur Airport Review Leo Wattimena

 
On September 15, 1944, one of the charismatic General of the United States, Douglas MacArthur, gave orders to seize the island of Morotai from the Imperial Japanese Army deployed about 61,000 personnel including from 31st Infantry Division, 126th and 32nd Infantry Division led by Major General John C. . Persons. On the island of 1,800 square kilometers it is only 500-1000 Japanese army, while the larger Japanese force on the island of Halmahera, which is located in the south of the island of Morotai. The landing was very chaotic day, many vehicles ally hampered by thick mud in the southern part of the island of Morotai.

However, Japan also weak resistance and uncoordinated. After successfully mastering the island, Commander of Division VII of the United States General MacArthur with Rear Admiral Barbey arrived at Morotai in the raid for inspection. MacArthur ordered built air base to strengthen cengkamannya through water superiority. The engineer unit of the United States took two weeks to find a suitable field to be built runway.

Japan did not remain silent. An officer of the Japanese infantry colonel sent to organize the defense with reinforcements of Halmahera. In December 1944, the 211th Infantry Regiment of the Imperial Japanese successfully placed in Morotai, precisely on a hill known as Hill 40 The position and composition of the regiment, was made ​​a Japanese patrol troops overwhelmed. Japanese air attack of pangakalan in Halmahera also could damage some bombers stationed at Morotai, as a number of B-24 Liberator. Battle through artillery fire, sniper and air strikes continued until January 14, 1945.

But like most of the battles in the Pacific by the year 1945, the United States gave a crushing defeat to Jepng. A total of 870 Japanese soldiers were killed and 10 others taken prisoner. On the other hand, the United States claimed 46 soldiers were killed and 104 others were injured. With this victory, Morotai Island plays an important role against the invasion of Borneo to Australia and the United States carried out the operation to seize Leyte in the Philippines.

Morotai airbase is a silent witness to lunge USAAF in the Pacific theater during World War II raged also be a part of history Permesta revolt in 1958 in which the Air Force bomber B-25 Mitchell transit at this air base when they want to do the mission center attack insurgent forces in Manado, North Sulawesi.

While Permesta air power alone has obtained and supplied from the CIA. Air Force Permesta named AUREV attacked Morotai on 21 and 26 April. Even the amphibious force had landed and master Permesta Morotai Island followed the landing of a C-47 Skytrain which brings Permesta officials and two Americans. However Troop speedily (PGT) plunge to reclaim Morotai Island on May 20th. Permesta military forces then surrendered a month after they seized the island of Morotai was returned to the bosom of Mother Earth.

Decades have passed since the two events above, the air base is now located on the island of Morotai, North Halmahera, North Maluku, it has become the Air Force base, the airport name Leo Wattimena (wamr / ITO). Air Force airfield runways Morotai already extended to have a length of 2.4 km and a width of 30 m. Of the seven airstrip built by the Allies in the south of the island, there are only about two runways were still viable landed by small-bodied commercial jet class Boeing 737-300, McDonnell Douglas MD-82 or such with it.

There were still many relics remnants of the Allied logistical equipment such as the resting place of General MacArthur, military aircraft debris, tableware and war equipment such as guns, ammunition and explosives, including shipwrecks and aircraft which are under the ocean in the waters around it. Local people themselves are making use of the iron from the remnants of war tools for various purposes, such as fencing houses, souvenirs and household utensil tool.

Unfortunately, the legacy of war assets such as tanks, shipwrecks, plane and jeep has almost disappeared entirely because the locals take it in large quantities for sale. Old irons were reportedly accommodated by a company to then fused into iron and steel processing, as reported nationalgeographic.co.id.

With a rich history of this district Morotai, North Maluku (Maluku) has established cooperation with the Directorate of Cultural Heritage Preservation and Museum, the Ministry of Education and Culture to build two buildings in the historical museum of the island territory of the former Kingdom of Moro (Morotai) ruling on century 15 in the region.

Quoting from Kompas.com ("travel" Sunday, April 27, 2013), the second museum was built TRIKORA Museum and Museum of World War II, as dituturkam by Kasubid Exploration and Documentation, Preservation Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museum, the Ministry of Education and Culture, Sri Patmisari Ternate. Both physical development budget of the building, according to Sri, estimated at roughly $ 30 billion, which is sourced from the state budget for fiscal year 2013. To determine the collection that will be utilized to the museum later, the government still requires the study of a collection of types of goods, whether to be supplied from outside the area or taken from the Air Force.

In addition to the construction of the museum, the birthplace of Melky Goeslaw Island, father of a musician and songwriter Joey Ayala, also a venue for international maritime activities in collaboration Sail Indonesia, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia, Indonesian marine Council and other Indonesian government agencies diiikuti by more than 100 participants from various countries around the world.

In the event of Sail Morotai 2012 held on 11-15 September 2012, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and the ambassadors of diplomats from a number of countries and the World War II veteran of the United States and Australia attended the opening ceremony were colored by dancing, parachuting to parade warships and yachts from various countries.

Meanwhile, the Ministry of Transportation launched a program of construction of service in the District Leo Wattimena Morotai, North Maluku, into an international airport to support the development of the area as a tourist destination as well as the Special Economic Zones, as reported by Reuters Online, on the date of 30 April 2013.

Leo Wattimena Airport development program into an international airport with a budget of USD 20-30 billion is expected to encourage the airline to open a route service international flights so as to boost the flow of tourists as well as encouraging investment from within and outside the country. The cost of 20-30 billion rupiah was used on them to build the passenger terminal and navigation facilities.

Various development plans ranging from the construction of the museum and the construction of an international airport facilities provide a bright future not only for Leo Wattimena airfield formerly called Pitu Airfield, but also for the province. On the contrary, the future is bleak shade record history through relics remnants of World War II who vanished almost without a trace. Relic of history itself is an attraction and a priceless treasure. Like it or not, a lively discourse Morotai Island development, especially the development of Leo Wattimena service, can not get out of the 61,000 American troops liberating the island is rich in these spices from the clutches of the Empire of Japan.

sumber :http://www.runway-aviation.com/?p=10392

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Ora beach

 
Ora beach is one of the world paradise which is located in the northern Indonesian island of Seram, Central Maluku. This beach is also one proof that Maluku also have beautiful exotic beach.

We do not have far to feel the beauty of the world-class beaches like Maldives or Bora Bora. Because Ora Beach can also provide stunning natural beauty and no less than two places.

Ora beach offers a unique lodging facilities, the inn stilts and float on the sea. Here we are also spoiled with underwater scenery. Dazzling marine life clearly visible because the water is so clear. We can immediately see the beauty of coral reefs and coral beaches and the diverse and colorful fishes swimming around.

accommodation

There is only one fruit available in the beach resort named Ora Ora Beach Resort. Ora Beach Resort has six cottages are made ​​of wood and thatch roof. Location Ora Beach Resort is well secluded and away from the hustle bustle of urban, very suitable for who like the tranquility.

At night we could hear the buzzing of the waves and enjoy the beautiful sky adorned with stars. And when the morning comes of course we are greeted with a stunning atmosphere Ora beach, clear sea water and the fresh morning air.

The cost of lodging on the Ora Beach Resort is calculated based on the cost per room, but is calculated from the cost per person. Hargapun vary according to season. The price range is between Rp 1,000,000 to Rp 1,500,000 per day. This price includes the cost of three meals a day and also the cost of transportation from the Port Tulehu.

transportation

To get to the beach Ora, from Ambon Pattimura Airport, we first headed to Port Tulehu. We can use public transportation or taxi, travel time about an hour with the appropriate price or negotiated rates.

After arriving at the Port Tulehu, we continued to the Port of Amahi, Central Maluku, using fast boats with 150,000 fare for VIP and Rp 92.000 for the economy. Travel time required to get to the Port of Amahi is about 2 hours.

This was followed by a trip to the village of Sawai which can be reached by public transport and takes about 2 hours to get there. Then, from the village of Sawai towards Ora Beach, only takes 10 minutes to cross the boat, and we came in Ora Beach.

We can use other alternatives to get to the Ora Beach, that is by renting a car from Ambon Pattimura airport and went straight to the village of Sawai with a journey through the District Seram and Central Maluku. But we should negotiate in advance for the trip to the village of Sawai quite far and takes about 1 day and 1 night.

Activities Diving & Snorkeling

In addition to enjoying the scenery with white sand beaches and beautiful blue sea. One of the other activities that must be done is to dive underwater and see the beauty that is so amazing Ora Beach.

We do not need to dive too deep, only about 2-3 meters dive we already can see the beauty of a wide variety of coral reefs. We also met with a small fish that swim to and fro. But if you want to do snorkeling, should not be done to prevent the shallow waters so we do not damage the coral, because there are lots of coral in shallow water Ora Beach.

Crossing the River Salawai

We can also walk around and across the Sunga Salawai. While crossing the river Salawai we can see how the process of decision-making sago and coconuts. On arriving at the mouth of the Gulf stream Solomon, we can see different types of birds that were there.

The National Park surrounds Manusela

Just behind the cottage Ora Beach Resort, we can see the hills of the National Park Manusela the background scenery in the resort. Manusela National Park surrounds can also be one other leisure activities that can be done in the morning. We can use motorized boats and fishing vessels around to see and enjoy the scenery while touring around the National Parks Manusela.

Forest trekking

In addition to enjoying all the activities on the beach, we can also try trekking and see the beauty of the forest in Sawai country. Not just through the forest, but also can visit a wildlife rehabilitation and education center.

It is located in the hamlet Masihulan. There is a breeding bird and bird parrot cockatoo that can be witnessed by tourists. It also can move on to a waterfall and a cave which is located in the middle of the forest. There is a cottage built by the local people so that visitors can rest.

Although impressed much and tiring journey, but all will be paid off when I got there and enjoy the natural beauty like the Earthly Paradise at the Beach Ora. Which can certainly provide a wonderful experience for every individual travelers.

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Dance Cakalele

 
The dance is a traditional dance Maluku played by about 30 men and women. The dancers dance is usually men using machetes and Salawaku while female dancers using Lenso (handkerchief).

Cakelele Maluku is a traditional dance. The male dancers wore the armor which is dominated by red and dark yellow. In both dancers holding hands sword weapon (machete) on the right side and a shield (Salawaku) on the left side, wearing a hat made ​​of aluminum inserted white chicken feathers.

Meanwhile, female dancers wearing white clothing while holding a handkerchief (Lenso) in both hands. The dancers are paired Cakalele this, dancing to the accompaniment of drum music (drums), flutes, and large clams (bia) is blown.

The specialty of this dance lies in three function symbols. (1) Clothes red on the male dancer costumes, symbolizing a sense of heroism on earth Maluku, as well as the courage and patriotism of the Moluccas in the face of war.

(2) The sword in the right hand symbolizes dignity Moluccans should be maintained until the death. (3) The Shield (Salawaku) and shouting loudly blaring on the dance interlude symbolize the protest movement against the system of government that is considered to be impartial to the public.

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Morotai island

 

Morotai island located in the Halmahera Islands, which is included in the province of North Maluku, East Indonesia. Morotai is one of the outer islands in Indonesia. The extent of only 1,800 square kilometers, but like many people say, Morotai is 'small chili'. Beauty bite.

As the island is bordered by the Pacific Ocean and the Philippines, Morotai was used as a Japanese stronghold during World War II. After that, the island was taken over by Allied aircraft and used as a basis to attack the territory of the Philippines and East Borneo. But, long before it is in the 15th century and 16, Morotai was under the Sultanate of Ternate.

Therefore, it saves a lot of strokes island history. There are many war relics such as cave hideout, airstrip, also armored vehicles were still intact although rusty. One of the famous cave called Nakamura, who became the hiding place of the Japanese army after Morotai Island was taken over by the Allies. 'Nakamura' is derived from the name of the Japanese army itself, which supposedly hid there 30 years!

One of the nation's heritage of Japan's most famous is the wreck which sank in the Bristol Beuford depth of 40 meters, in the seas south of Morotai. The existence of this wreckage into an introduction for marine tourism in Morotai. Only that? Of course not!
Many people say, Morotai is 'Heaven in eastern Indonesia'. This refers to the underwater riches, with more than 25 point dive that serves a matchless beauty. There Tanjung Wayabula, Dodola Point, Stone Screen Point, Cape Sabatai Point, until Saminyamau. Everything is amazingly beautiful, with dark blue crystal clear waters. Infinite marine life, living among the coral reefs and maintained traces shipwreck.

The natural beauty of the island of Morotai is not only reflected in the bottom of the sea, but also on its land. Vast expanse of white sand ready to spoil anyone's eyes who set foot on it. Panoramic sunrise and sunset become one of the most anticipated moments of travelers, who apparently still rare to come there.

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Benteng Tolukko - Ternate

The castle was first known by the name Tolukko and then better known by the name of Fort Hollandia, built in 1540 by Francisco Serao, a captain of the Portuguese.

Some say that the name is the name of the ruler of Tolukko tenth sitting on the throne of Ternate: Kaicil Tolukko; but because of this new ruling Sultan in the year 1692 they will not be the name of the castle was given following the name of Sultan. According to historical records the Netherlands, the Portuguese fort in 1610 is improved by Pieter Both, a Dutchman, and is intended as a defense against the Spanish nation was busy storm the island of Ternate.

.
Resize of Ternate (88) The fortress was also used as a place to herd people fleeing the Spanish invasion that would come back to stay at this place. At that time most of the people fled to Fort Malayo. In 1612, it was reported there were 15 to 20 soldiers in the castle, which is equipped with a number of weapons and ammunition. Under the administration of Governor Jacques le Febre in 1627, mentioned that the fortress is located on a hill not far away in the North Fort Malayo this, with two small towers.

When the fort was led by a corporal who came from Fort Malayo also be a source of fuel supply food to 22 soldiers stationed in Fort Tolukko. In the year 1661, Governing Council of the Netherlands allow Mandarsyah Sultan of Ternate to live in this castle with his team. Following the presence of the Sultan, the Netherlands garnizun in Fort Tolukko reduced to only 160 people. On 16 April 1799, the team Kaicil Nuku (Sultan Tidore 19th) attacked the fort Tolukko but they successfully beaten back by coalition forces Ternate-VOC. But as a result of battle and in particular the prolonged siege by Nuku team, the city of Ternate in June 1797 amounted to 3307 souls, then stay 2157 soul.

  Others died of starvation or war and fled to Halmahera. Under the leadership of the Resident P. van der Crab in 1864, the castle is empty because almost all the buildings have been damaged. 1996 restored again, but the effort is thus eliminate the originality of buildings such as underground tunnel eliminates relating directly to the sea [​​bentengindonesia.org]

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Long Sand or Ngurbloat Beach - Tual - Maluku Tenggara

 

 Ngurbloat Beach or better known by the inhabitants of the town of Tual with Pasir Panjang Beach is a stunning beach, located in the village of Ngilngof in the western part of Kei Kecil Island.
White sand that stretches about 5 km, thousands of coconut trees that lie off the coast, the sea water is crystal clear blue and calm waves will make you comfortable to linger in this place. This region is very natural and is a tourist area that is easily reached by Kei Island's population.
In addition, the color is white sand beach Ngurbloat bright and very soft. In overcast conditions, sand beach and still look shiny and pretty dazzling eyes. At the time of sweltering conditions, the sand beach is not such a hot sand-sand beaches in general. The softness of the sand that is in the public believed Ngurbloat Beach can only be matched by the delicate flour. Conditions that distinguishes Ngurbloat the other shore.
For tourists who bring young children, do not forget to bring the equipment to play sand. Fine sand beach that makes the skin feel comfortable when coming into contact with it.


In the region who can also swim. The location is safe and wide enough for Ngurbloat Beach ramps. Small islands located opposite the beach it makes the ocean waves on the beach is not too large and the current is not too strong.

A number of rooms at several hotels around there provided for travelers who want to spend the night on the beach. Lodges is generally a tropical-style houses on stilts made ​​of wood.
Ngurbloat Beach is located on the west coast of Kei Kecil Island is about 20 kilometers from Tual, Southeast Maluku regency capital. The region can be achieved by using a rental car or public transport based in Market Ohoijang, Langgur. The journey from Tual to Ngurbloat Beach taken about an hour. Along the way the scenery looks much is a stretch of scrub. There are a number of small villages lying scattered among the expanse of desert shrub.

Land in the form of Kei Kecil Island rocks causing only certain types of plants that can grow there. Rarely found large trees and lush.

For the Southeast Maluku itself, tourists can use the aircraft or ship from Ambon. The journey from airport Pattimura, Ambon, to airport Dumatubun Langgur be approximately 1.5 hours using a small-bodied aircraft. Almost every day there are flights from Ambon to the Langgur different airline.

For those who like to use sea transport, the trip can be done from the Port Yos Sudarso, Ambon, Tual to the Port. This trip takes about 18 hours by using a passenger ship owned by PT Pelni. Travel time is approximately two hours including stops in Port Banda Naira. However, sea travel is usually only once a week.

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Bamboo Dance Crazy

Maluku is often synonymous with a beautiful voice and singing and dancing. Many singers, musicians and dancers who come from the Moluccas. Maluku is indeed closely with the tradition of playing music as well as dance-dance. 

If you want to know the Moluccas, it is necessary also to know their traditional dances so diverse and dynamic. 

One of the traditional dances that we know is a dance called dance Fur Crazy or Crazy Bamboo, a dance that originated from the game of the people of Central Maluku. This dance is a traditional game that is usually performed at the village youths special occasions. Previously, the dancers will be moving swiftly to follow the movement of bamboo that has charmed crazy by the handler. They will make a series of movements and associate each hand, with the agility of foot movements that include walking, jumping and running to follow the dynamic sound of the music. With such a dynamic movement of the dancers are required to have physically strong enough. 

Now the dance is almost extinct, and the only living movements are transformed into a lively dance with the movement of the feet and feathers (bamboo) which embraced both hands. Motion that signifies unity and unity in the community. Movement is compact and this tune is actually a symbol of the spirit of mutual cooperation, which evoke a spirit of unity and oneness in implementing various aspects of life, which is of the soul gambarang cooperativeness or "Masohi" which is a Moluccan culture since time immemorial. 

Other indigenous dance is a dance that is Lolyana tradition and culture community Teon Islands Nila, Serua. This dance lola raised harvest ceremony in the form of the show. Lolyana itself is a common word used for one job to collect marine products, lola. Harvesting is carried out after the SASI lola lola formally opened by the chairman religion and local adat. 

In the Moluccas, SASI is known as one of the customary structures interpreted as prohibitions or restrictions to collect natural products, both natural products and marine products, until the time limit has been agreed by all the villagers. Its function is as a means of control to regulate and maintain the continuity and preservation of natural resources from human greed. 

Lola harvesting process begins with the party of the people around the campfire from the night until dawn. The ceremony was followed thanksgiving and prayer to the Almighty for the success of the harvest to be implemented. Towards the rising sun, to work together in harvesting done by men and women. Lola harvesting process was later immortalized in Lolyana dance.

sumber : http://www.bkpmd-maluku.com/index.php/informasi/wisata/50-wisata/81-tarian-bambu-gila

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Tribe Alifuru Mountain

Tribe Alifuru Mountain, is a native tribes who inhabited the island of Seram
  in the province of Maluku.

Alifuru tribes according to stories circulating in Maluku, that Alifuru rate this as the first humans to inhabit the island of Seram and including other areas in the Maluku islands. It is said that the name "alifuru" derived "alef" from Aramaic and "uru" means "people". In addition to "alifuru", also has a lot of other names, namely "alfur", "alfuros", "alfures", "alifuru" or "horaforas", while the Dutch referred to them as "alfuren". Last name "alifuru" replaced by the name of "homeland ina", but this is not a popular name, so the name "alifuru" are still used by ethnic residing in this Seram island.

Alifuru mountain tribes have close relatives who live in coastal areas, namely Alifuru Coastal tribes. These two tribes are no different, just because it has been separated for so long, then there is some differences in rules and habits of life. But the customs and cultures are not too different.

This mountain Alifuru tribes have different customs with his brother Alifuru Coastal. Alifuru mountain tribes live in seclusion in the mountains inland, and rarely interact with other tribes on the island of Seram.

Alifuru tribes living around the mountain climbing path to Mount Binaiya. They run with robust customs. Most of the tribe Alifuru This mountain is still adhered to traditional beliefs contain elements of animism.

This tribe live together in a traditional house, although different derivatives in the houses of great size 15 x 8 m. In their custom home can be occupied by up to 10 families. Their homes without confining walls of the room, it's just sort of a line marked tiag to distinguish each family room.


tribal house Alifru Mount
Alifuru tribal house the mountain is made from sago tree without using nails. Connection wood and house poles tied with rope made ​​of rattan. While the roof is made of sago palm leaves or leaves. Home building supported by large bamboo to hold the house building.

Mount Alifuru tribal communities are not familiar with the system of buying and selling, such as coastal Alifuru tribe. All of the items they require, obtained from the exchange of goods (barter) of crops they bring to Mosso for bartered with the materials they need, such as salt, kerosene and salted fish.

If a family member is deceased, then simultaneously they will leave the house, because they think the house will bring bad luck to them. Abandoned house should not be approached much less populated.
Tribe Alifuru This mountain has a unique tradition in burying their dead family members. Member keluargaanya they laid down on a rock and left and left to become crumbs. They think death is not the end of everything, the spirits of the bodies are experiencing a different way to the world called the Puya. The burial tradition is almost similar to the indigenous funeral Toraja in South Sulawesi.
They put the corpse in a Liang, on a rock that is considered Kramat and have magical value as a funeral. The selected stones form is not too large, as long as there is a gap or a sewer at the bottom can be used as a cemetery. Because they assume that the first humans to set foot on the earth comes from stones, therefore if they were to be passed back to the stone.
Uniquely, the bodies will be buried should be placed as day-to-day habits. If the corpse is lying in his lifetime he would like to put to sleep anyway funeral, so if he likes to sit cross-legged, then it must be equal to the funeral. It is the goal that the spirits of the remains were not angry and do not interfere with other family members who are still alive. The bodies that have been buried will be left just to the pungent stench to be bones. Even some of the bodies became food for wild animals.

Their main food is sago. Sago palms became their main crop, which is processed into papeda. Papeda is typical food Alifuru parts, shaped like starch diluted with warm water and tastes fresh.

In everyday life on the mountain tribes Alifuru agriculture. They have gardens and fields planted with various types of plants, such as coffee plants, cloves, and especially kasbi sago palms become their staple crops

Sumber : http://protomalayans.blogspot.com/2012/11/suku-alifuru-gunung-maluku.html

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sultanate of ternate

Sultanate of Ternate or also known as the Kingdom of guppy is one of four Muslim kingdoms in Maluku Islands and is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in the archipelago. Established by Baab Mashur Malamo in 1257. Sultanate of Ternate has an important role in eastern archipelago between the 13th century until the 17th century. Sultanate of Ternate enjoy half-century glories at -16 thanks to the spice trade and military power. In the heyday of his power extends covers Maluku, Sulawesi, northern, eastern and central, southern part of the Philippine archipelago as far as the Marshall Islands in the Pacific.

History 
Guppy Island (now Ternate) began bustling in the early 13th century. Ternate residents beginning an exodus of residents of Halmahera. Initially there are 4 villages in Ternate that each - each headed by a momole (clan head). They were the first to make contact with the traders who come from all directions in search of spices. Ternate increasingly heterogeneous population with bermukimnya Arab traders, Javanese, Malay and Chinese. Because of the increasingly crowded trading activities plus threats often come from the pirates then on the initiative Momole Tobona leaders held deliberations order to form a stronger organization and appoint a single leader as king.

1257 Momole Ciko Sampalu elected and appointed leaders as Kolano (king) with a first degree Mashur Malamo Baab (1257-1272). Guppy kingdom centered on the village of Ternate, which in the subsequent development of increasingly large and crowded that the inhabitants are also called Gam Lamo or large village (later the call Gam Lamo with Gamalama). The greater and the popularity of Ternate, so then people would rather say the royal kingdom of Ternate than guppy. Under the leadership of the next several generations of rulers, Ternate evolved from a kingdom that only berwilayahkan a small island kingdom that became influential and greatest in eastern parts of Indonesia, especially the Moluccas.

The structure of the Kingdom 
In the early days of Ternate tribe led by momole. After forming the kingdom of leadership positions held by a king called Kolano. Starting mid-15th century, Islam was adopted in total by the kingdom and the application of Islamic law enforced. Sultan Zainal Abidin left Kolano title and replace it with the title of sultan. The scholars become an important figure in the kingdom.

After the Sultan as the supreme leader, no jogugu office (prime minister) and fala raha as counselors. Fala raha or four houses are four noble clans that became the backbone of the empire as a representation of the momole in the past, each headed by a kimalaha. They are namely Marasaoli, Tomagola Tomaito and Tamadi. High officials of the empire generally derived from these clans. When an emperor has no heir, the chosen successor of one of the clans. Then there is the post - another position Bobato Nyagimoi se Tufkange (Board 18), Sabua Raha, Capita Lau, Salahakan, Sangaji etc.

Kolano dan Sultan Ternate	Masa jabatan
Baab Mashur Malamo	1257 - 1277
Jamin Qadrat	1277 - 1284
Komala Abu Said	1284 - 1298
Bakuku (Kalabata)	1298 - 1304
Ngara Malamo (Komala)	1304 - 1317
Patsaranga Malamo	1317 - 1322
Cili Aiya (Sidang Arif Malamo)	1322 - 1331
Panji Malamo	1331 - 1332
Syah Alam	1332 - 1343
Tulu Malamo	1343 - 1347
Kie Mabiji (Abu Hayat I)	1347 - 1350
Ngolo Macahaya	1350 - 1357
Momole	1357 - 1359
Gapi Malamo I	1359 - 1372
Gapi Baguna I	1372 - 1377
Komala Pulu	1377 - 1432
Marhum (Gapi Baguna II)	1432 - 1486
Zainal Abidin	1486 - 1500
Sultan Bayanullah	1500 - 1522
Hidayatullah	1522 - 1529
Abu Hayat II	1529 - 1533
Tabariji	1533 - 1534
Khairun Jamil	1535 - 1570
Babullah Datu syah	1570 - 1583
Said Barakat syah	1583 - 1606
Mudaffar Syah I	1607 - 1627
Hamzah	1627 - 1648
Mandarsyah	1648 - 1650 (masa pertama)
Manila	1650 - 1655
Mandarsyah	1655 - 1675 (masa kedua)
Sibori	1675 - 1689
Said Fatahullah	1689 - 1714
Amir Iskandar Zulkarnain Syaifuddin	1714 - 1751
Ayan Syah	1751 - 1754
Syah Mardan	1755 - 1763
Jalaluddin	1763 - 1774
Harunsyah	1774 - 1781
Achral	1781 - 1796
Muhammad Yasin	1796 - 1801
Muhammad Ali	1807 - 1821
Muhammad Sarmoli	1821 - 1823
Muhammad Zain	1823 - 1859
Muhammad Arsyad	1859 - 1876
Ayanhar	1879 - 1900
Muhammad Ilham (Kolano Ara Rimoi)	1900 - 1902
Haji Muhammad Usman syah	1902 - 1915
Iskandar Muhammad Jabir syah	1929 - 1975
Drs. Haji Mudaffar Syah (Mudaffar II)	1975 – sekarang

Moloku Kie Raha 

In addition to Ternate, in the Moluccas there are also at least 5 other kingdoms that have the effect of Tidore Sultanate, Sultanate Jailolo, Sultanate of Bacan, Obi and the Kingdom of the Kingdom Loloda. These kingdoms are rivals in gaining hegemony Ternate in the Moluccas. Thanks to the spice trade Ternate enjoyed impressive economic growth, and to strengthen its hegemony in Maluku, Ternate started expanding. This has led to resentment and jealousy enlarge other kingdoms in Maluku, Ternate view as a common enemy to trigger a war. 

In order to stop the protracted conflict, the sultan of Ternate 7th Kolano Chile Aiya also called Sida Kolano Malamo Arif (1322-1331) inviting kings Maluku others for peace and deliberation to form alliances. The Guild then known as Moti Persekutan or Motir Verbond. Main points of this meeting in addition to the establishment of a partnership is the uniform shape of the institutional empire in Maluku. Therefore, this meeting was attended 4 king Maluku strongest alliance then referred to as Moloku Kie Raha (Four Mountain Moluccas).

arrival of Islam 

There is no clear source as to when the beginnings of Islam, especially Ternate in North Maluku. But is expected since the inception of the kingdom of Ternate Ternate society has known Islam considering the number of Arab traders who had settled in Ternate at the time. Some early king of Ternate already using the name of Islam but the certainty of their nuances and the royal family embraced Islam is still debated. Just be certain that the royal family embraced Islam the official Ternate mid 15th century. 

Kolano Marhum (1465-1486), ruler of Ternate to-18 is the first known king embraced Islam with all the relatives and courtiers. Substitute Kolano Marhum is his son, Zainal Abidin (1486-1500). Some of the steps taken by Sultan Zainal Abidin was left Kolano title and replace it with the sultan, recognized Islam as the official religion of empire, enforced Islamic law and the kingdom established agencies in accordance with the Islamic law involving the clergy. These steps are then followed by the other kingdoms in Maluku in total, almost without change. He also established the first madrasah in Ternate. Sultan Zainal Abidin been deepened by learning the teachings of Islam Sunan Giri in Java. There he was known as Sultan Bualawa (Sultan Cloves). 

The arrival of Portuguese and civil war

In the reign of Sultan Bayanullah (1500-1521), Ternate is growing, people are required to dress Islamically, boat building techniques and weapons obtained from the Arabs and Turks used to strengthen the forces of Ternate. At this time also came the first Europeans in the Moluccas, Loedwijk de Bartomo (Ludovico Varthema) in 1506. 

In 1512 Portugal for the first time set foot in Ternate under the leadership of Francisco Serrao, with the approval of the sultan, Portugal allowed to establish a trading post at Ternate. Portugal came not merely to trade but to master the trade of spices, nutmeg and cloves in Maluku. For that first they must conquer Ternate. 

Bayanullah Sultan died leaving heirs are still very young. Widow sultan, the queen and Prince Taruwese Nukila, sister of the late sultan acted as trustee. Nukila empress whose origin Tidore Ternate and Tidore intended to bring together under one crown which is one of the second son, Prince Hidayat (later Sultan Dayalu) and prince of Abu Hayat (later Sultan Abu Hayat II). While Tarruwese prince wants the throne for himself. 

Portugal take advantage of this opportunity and pitting them until civil war broke out. Kubu consort Nukila supported Tidore prince while Taruwese supported Portugal. After winning just prince is betrayed and killed Taruwese Portugal. Governor Portugal acted as royal advisor and the impact they have managed to persuade the council to lift the prince royal Tabariji as sultan. But when Sultan Tabariji began to show hostility, he was vilified and exiled to Goa, India. There he was forced Portugal to sign the agreement make Ternate as a Christian and a vassal kingdom kingdom of Portugal, but the agreement was rejected by Sultan Khairun (1534-1570). 

Expulsion Portugal 

Ngara Lamo, the gates of the Palace of the Sultan of Ternate in 1930 

Treatment Portugal against his brothers made ​​the Sultan Khairun furious and determined to expel Portuguese from the Moluccas. Behavior of the Western nations also raises people's anger that ultimately stand behind the Sultan Khairun. Since the sultan Bayanullah, Ternate has become one of the three most powerful sultanate and a major Islamic center in the archipelago of the 16th century in addition to Aceh and Demak after the fall of Malacca in 1511 trio formed the Triple Alliance to stem lunge Portugal in the archipelago. 

Do not want to be second Malacca sultan Khairun waged war expulsion of Portugal. Position Portugal have very strong at that time, in addition to having the power of the castle and pockets throughout the Moluccas they also have indigenous allies that could be deployed to block Ternate. With the Aceh and Demak which continue to threaten the position of Portugal in Malacca, Portugal in Maluku difficulty in obtaining reinforcements until forced to beg peace to the Sultan Khairun. In crafty governor Portugal, Lopez de Mesquita invite Sultan Khairun to the negotiating table and eventually the cruel killing sultan who came without bodyguards. 

The murder of the Sultan of Ternate Khairun increasingly encourage people to get rid of Portugal, even the whole Maluku now supports leadership and struggle Baabullah Sultan (1570-1583), Portuguese outposts throughout the eastern region of Indonesia Maluku and battered. After the war for 5 years, finally left the Moluccas to Portugal in 1575. forever Under the leadership of Sultan Baabullah, Ternate reached heyday, the area stretching from North and Central Sulawesi in the west to the Marshall Islands in the east, from the southern Philippines in the north until the Nusa Tenggara islands in the south. 

Baabullah dubbed ruler Sultan 72 islands of which are inhabited to make the Sultanate of Ternate as the largest Muslim empire in eastern Indonesia, in addition to the control of Aceh and Demak western and central regions of the archipelago at that time. Three golden period of the empire during the 14th and 15th centuries whether intentionally or not be ruled out in the history of this nation when they were first pillar stem Western colonialism. 

The arrival of the Dutch

After the death of Sultan Baabullah, Ternate started to weaken, the Kingdom of Spain which has been united with Portugal in 1580 tried to regain control by attacking Ternate Moluccas. With the new power Spain strengthen its position in the Philippines, Ternate was established alliances with Mindanao Spain but failed to dispel, even Sultan Said Barakati Spain managed imprisoned and exiled to Manila. 

Suffered defeat after defeat Ternate for help the Dutch force in 1603 Ternate finally managed to hold Spain but with remuneration that is very expensive. Dutch finally mastered slowly Ternate. On June 26, 1607 signed the Sultan of Ternate in the Moluccas VOC monopoly in return help the Dutch against Spain. In 1607 the Dutch built a fort Oranje also in Ternate which is their first fort in the archipelago. 

Since the beginning of the relationship that is unhealthy and unbalanced between the Netherlands and Ternate cause dissatisfaction of the rulers and nobles of Ternate. Among them is Prince Hidayat (15 ?? - 1624), the young king of Ambon which is also the king of Ternate is a former trustee who led the opposition against the sultan and the Dutch position. He ignored the agreement with the Dutch trade monopoly selling spices to Java and Makassar traders. 

Resistance of the people of Maluku and fall of Ternate 

Guards Sultan of Ternate in the 1910s 

The longer grip and influence of the powerful Dutch in Ternate. Dutch freely passed a law that hurts the passing sultan orders. Dutch brash attitude and the attitude of the sultan who tend to lead to disappointment all the obedient. Throughout the 17th century, there were at least 4 insurgency waged Ternate nobles and the people of Maluku. 

In 1635, in order to facilitate monitoring and mengatrol prices slumped spices Dutch decided to do a large-scale felling of trees in the whole cloves and nutmeg Maluku or better known as Hongi Tochten which led to inflame people's resistance. In 1641, led by the young king Ambon, Salahakan Luhu, tens of thousands of troops combined Ternate, Makassar Hitu and pounding various Dutch position in Central Maluku. Salahakan Luhu later arrested and executed along with his entire family on June 16, 1643. struggle then followed by brother-in-law Luhu, Capita Hitu Kakiali and Tolukabessi until 1646. 

In 1650, the nobles waged resistance in Ternate Ternate and Ambon, the uprising was triggered attitude Sultan Mandarsyah (1648-1650,1655-1675) are too familiar and considered likely to placate the Netherlands. The nobles conspired to lower the sultan. Three of the main rebel prince trio Saidi, Majira and Kalamata. Prince capita Saidi is a marine or army supreme commander of Ternate, the young prince is king Majira Ambon while Prince Kalamata is the sultan's sister Mandarsyah. Saidi and Majira led insurgency in Central Maluku while Prince Kalamata join the king of Gowa Sultan Hasanuddin in Makassar. They had even managed to lose Sultan from the throne and lifted Mandarsyah Manilha Sultan (1650-1655), but thanks to the help of the Dutch position Mandarsyah again restored. After 5 years the rebellion was extinguished Saidi et al. Prince Saidi brutally tortured to death while Prince Majira and Kalamata sultan receive forgiveness and live in exile. 

Sultan Muhammad Nurul Islam, better known by the name of Sultan ciborium (1675 - 1691) was frustrated with the behavior of arbitrary Netherlands. He then forge alliances with the rulers of Mindanao Datuk Abdul Rahman, but his attempt to join forces to less than the maximum because of the strategic areas that can be relied upon to base resistance already fallen into the hands of the Netherlands by the various agreements made ​​by his predecessor. He lost and was forced to step aside to Jailolo. Dated July 7, 1683 ciborium Sultan was forced to sign an agreement that essentially makes the kingdom of Ternate as the dependent Netherlands. This agreement ended the period of Ternate as a sovereign state. 

Despite having lost their power, the next few sultan of Ternate Ternate still struggling issued from the clutches of the Netherlands. With limited capability because they are always being watched only be able to support the struggle of the people secretly. The last one in 1914 Sultan Haji Muhammad Usman Shah (1896-1927) moving resistance of the people in the territories power, began in the regions under the leadership Hairuddin Banggai Tomagola but failed. 

In Jailolo people Tudowongi, Tuwada and Kao led Capita Banau successful result in losses in the Netherlands, many Dutch soldiers were killed including the Netherlands Controleur Agerbeek and their headquarters was ransacked. However, because of military superiority and a more complete arsenal owned by the Dutch resistance is successfully broken, Banau capita was arrested and sentenced to hang. Sultan Haji Muhammad Usman Shah proved to be involved in this uprising is therefore based on the decision of the Dutch Government, dated 23 September 1915 no. 47, Sultan Haji Muhammad Usman Shah was removed from the post of the sultan and all his property confiscated, he was exiled to London in 1915 and died there in 1927. 

Post a decrease Sultan Haji Muhammad Usman Shah Sultan's position was vacant for 14 years and is run by Jogugu customs administration and the imperial council. Had appeared the Dutch East Indies government's desire to remove the Sultanate of Ternate but the intention was nevertheless carried out for fear of a backlash that could spark a new uprising of Ternate while being away from the center of the Dutch government in Batavia. 

In the age now entering the age of 750 years, the Sultanate of Ternate still survive albeit merely a cultural symbol. Positions as leaders of Ternate sultan 49th sultan now held by Drs. H. Mudaffar Sjah, BcHk. (Mudaffar II) were crowned in 1986. 

Inheritance Ternate 

Empire led archipelago east of Ternate indeed have collapsed since the mid 17th century, but the influence of Ternate as a royal with a long history still continues to be felt until centuries later. Ternate has a large stake in the culture, especially the eastern part of Sulawesi archipelago (north and east coast) and the Moluccas. The influence that includes religion, customs and language. 

As the first monarch to embrace Islam, Ternate has a major role in efforts pengislaman and the introduction of Sharia-Islamic law in the eastern and southern part of the Philippine archipelago. Sultanate form of organization and the implementation of Islamic law which was first introduced by Sultan Zainal Abidin became the standard that is followed all the kingdoms in Maluku, almost without any significant changes. 

The success of the people of Ternate under Sultan Baabullah in Portugal expelled in 1575 was the first native of the archipelago victory over the forces of the west, therefore Buya Hamka even praised the victory of the people of Ternate This delayed the western colonization of the archipelago on earth for 100 years and a strengthened position of Islam, and in case people Ternate fails eastern Indonesia will undoubtedly be the center of Christianity as well as the Philippines. 

The position of Ternate as an influential kingdom also helped raise the degree of Ternate language as lingua franca in many regions that are under its influence. Prof. E.K.W. Masinambow in his writing, "The language of Ternate in the context of Austronesian languages ​​and non-Austronesian" argued that the language of Ternate had the biggest impact on the Malay language used by the people of eastern Indonesia. A total of 46% in Manado Malay words taken from the language of Ternate. Ternate Malay language is now used widely in Indonesia, especially East North Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi and the eastern coast of South Maluku and Papua with a different dialect. [6] 

Two manuscript letters sultan of Ternate, from Sultan Abu Hayat II to the King of Portugal on 27 April and 8 November 1521 is recognized as the world's oldest Malay manuscript after manuscript Cape Malay Land. The second letter of the Sultan Abu Hayat is still stored in the Museum of Lisbon, Portugal

Sumber : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Ternate

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